India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. However, beneath the sea lies evidence of a lost world a mass of land that []. Partisans in France, Yugoslavia, the Eastern Front and the Philippines have much written about them. The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. In addition to their stature, they also differ in blood type from their Bantu- and Sudanic-speaking agriculturalist neighbours, and they are probably the earliest . . Bantu people were in far greater numbers and pretty much absorbed most of these groups. Two major events in the recent paleoenvironmental history of Central Africa might have influenced the route of the Bantu expansion (10-18).The first was a contraction at 4,000 B.P. This is simply because it was about ideological killing on a major scale, and because it was accompanied by such cruelty and such wanton human suffering. It never happened. For example, one study found this to be the case in Bantu language speakers who are African Pygmies or are in Mozambique,[27] while another population genetic study found this to be the case in the Bantu language-speaking Lemba of Southern Africa. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. Under the rule of both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, numerous document examples of unnatural mass deaths have been recorded. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. Numerous similar crop failures, both in Ireland and elsewhere, had occurred at various times, but without the same catastrophic effect. 10010, with the primary authorities cited on p. 176. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. Based on dental evidence, Irish (2016) concluded that the common ancestors of Central African and Proto-Bantu peoples may have originated in the western Southern region of the Sahara, amid the Kiffian period at Gobero, and may have migrated southward, from the Sahara into various parts of central Africa (e.g. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. There are reports that during the last ten years of the Dutch East India Company's rule (1795), 2,504 "Bushmen" were killed, 669 captured and 276 colonists ( Khoikhoi) slain. In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. On Tuesday, August 14, 1947, Pakistan was proclaimed independent from Britain, and a day later, India followed suit. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. [22], Nilo-Saharan-speaking herder populations comprised a third group of the area's pre-Bantu expansion inhabitants.[23][24][25]. Hitler harnessed this anger and dissatisfaction and directed it at the Jews. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. In fact a small amount South African Bantu men have Khoisan specific Y-DNA (including Cushitic pastoralist Y-DNA which is significant among the Khoisan). The young woman, whose name was Nandi, was, with ageless injustice, cast out to give birth to her illegitimate child in exile. In this way, a chain reaction of violence and predation began that lasted from about 1815 to 1840. Was it all kumbaya and holding hands? Tensions and violence increased after the Rwandan Genocide as 1.5 million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda. The result was the decimation of the interior population of South Africa, and the ruination of the social and productive landscape. . Again, you do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. Was the Great Irish Famine genocide? That child, a boy, was given the name Shaka, a pejorative reference to an intestinal parasite. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Cities were emptied out, and anyone conforming to this broad definition of the enemy was consigned to labor camps in the countryside. It's not white supremacist to study history. How do you study history? By Ellen Rubin. The Bantu Expansion was probably the biggest example of genocide 4in human history. On Tuesday, August 14, 1947, Pakistan was proclaimed independent from Britain, and a day later, India followed suit. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. The Bantu first originated around the Benue-Cross rivers area in southeastern Nigeria and spread over Africa to the Zambia area. Nonetheless, in the unfathomable complexity of the Anglo-Irish relationship, there are no small number of historians who point the finger at the British government, not so much for acts of commission, but acts of omission. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. In his Twitter profile he had academic historian but doesnt have a PhD. The primary evidence for this expansion is linguistic a great many of the languages which are spoken across sub-Equatorial Africa are remarkably similar to each other, suggesting the common cultural origin of their original speakers. This inspired the Bantu to conquer more areas to capture more slaves and expand further . The result was imperfect, of course, but it created the map of the Indian sub-continent that we now recognize today. Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. It is reprinted here with the agreement of the R.S.A.Google Scholar, 2 Johnston, H. H., A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, XLIII (1913), 3912.Google Scholar, 3 Wrigley, C. C., Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Journal of African History, I (1960), 201.Google Scholar, 4 McBurney, C. B. M., The Stone Age of Northern Africa (1960), 234.Google Scholar. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. It was one of the first states in Africa and paved the way for the historic Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe. fall into the classification of genocide. Other factors promoting state-formation were increased trade among African communities and with European and Arab traders on the coasts, technological innovations in economic activity, and new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualisation of royalty as the source of national strength and health. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. . They likely resulted from denser population, which led to more specialised divisions of labour, including military power, while making outmigration more effortful. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. 23 Ibid. These two widely held beliefs are critically assessed here. Archaeological evidence from the separate works of Jean Hurault (1979, 1986 & 1988) and Rigobert Tuech (2000) in the region reveals that this region has been inhabited by the same culture for 5 millennia, from 3000 B.C to date. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. cit. [21], Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers also inhabited Southeast Africa before the Bantu expansion. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. Guerrilla warfare played a huge role in World War II. The majority of sub-Saharan Africans speak one or more Bantu languages and modern African states are heavily affected by their Bantu-migrant predecessors. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. Between 300 AD-1000 AD, through participation in the long-existing Indian Ocean trade route, these communities established links with Arabian and Indian traders, leading to the development of the Swahili culture. I did not know this at first but another historical Reddit page took my question down because of it. He says that Mali wasn't a civilisation in one video, yet in another video, he says that Mali was an empire. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. Their descendants have largely mixed with other peoples and adopted other languages. I understand if you do not want to answer this question especially since this video is white supremacy propaganda. As usual, the argument is one of semantics. 277.Google Scholar, 20 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 194204.Google Scholar, 21 The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar, 22 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 949.Google Scholar. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. This empire was one of the most powerful in African History and left an indelible mark on modern-day South Africa. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. By that logic, you have to say that the Anglo-Saxon migration into Britain (Which took place in 6th century CE, about 2 centuries after the Bantu made it to what is now South Africa) was a genocide as most of the Y-DNA of the English is Anglo-Saxon not Celtic or pre-Celtic. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. For over 5,000 years the Eastern, Southeastern, and the Midwestern U.S. were populated by mound-building, Native American cultures that constructed anywhere from tens of thousands, to hundreds of thousands of earthen mounds. We won't share your contact details with anyone. [18] From Cameroon, agricultural Proto-Bantu peoples began to migrate, and amid migration, diverged into East Bantu peoples (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo) and West Bantu peoples (e.g. From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. These innovations facilitated population growth and the division of labour, forming powerful Bantu-controlled African states in the process. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. Researchers have found ways to trace the movement of Bantu-speaking peoples that began possibly as early as 2000 BCE. To elucidate the still poorly characterized western Bantu expansion, we analyzed Y-chromosome (25 biallelic polymorphisms and 15 microsatellite markers) and mtDNA (hypervariable control regions I and II and selected coding region RFLPs) variation in a population of 110 individuals from southwest Africa, and compared it with a database of 2,708 The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. Recognition is not universal, however, and a number of important countries support Turkey in this issue. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. Because he's literate And using reason to research DNA and other recorded information. Sutton, J. E. G. The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. However, the Holocaust, although predominately targeting Jews, was also an expression of Nazi aversion to any group or individual not conforming to a narrow definition of Aryan purity. Any proof of their numbers? Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. But the Zulu race itself was not innocent of genocide. There Shaka revealed something much more than a simple talent for war, something, in fact, akin to genius. Now the others are minorities this was not at all a targeted effort so there is no reason to call it a genocide. The Hutu are almost similar to the Tutsi who are also an ethnic majority in Rwanda. Routledge, London 2003. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. Nonetheless, in the unfathomable complexity of the Anglo-Irish relationship, there are no small number of historians who point the finger at the British government, not so much for acts of commission, but acts of omission. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. 1 This article is based on a paper read at the Royal Society of Arts on 5 May 1966 and printed in that Society's Journal, CXIV (1966), 85269. In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. 22 January 2009. They are the shortest group of Pygmies in Africa, averaging under 4 feet 6 inches (137 cm) in height, and are perhaps the most famous. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. This is a man that claims to debunk history yet, all does is whine and bitch about black people in his videos. This further reinforced a popular anti-West, anti-US movement in Cambodia, on the back of which, in April 1975, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge to victory. This movement sought not only to replace the traditional leadership of the empire with the constitutional government but also to expand and solidify Muslim Turkish control of central and eastern Anatolia. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. Render date: 2023-03-04T14:32:22.407Z From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. There are no reliable figures, but the combined death toll of the Mfecane is estimated to be upwards of 2 million. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. Early critics argued this phenomenon was a result of language spread rather than the migration of Bantu-speaking people, but genetic evidence has proved otherwise. Thus they will have a small pool of their specific Y-DNA just by the numbers. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. [19] Many Batwa groups speak Bantu languages; however, a considerable portion of their vocabulary is not Bantu in origin. Agricultural Bantu peoples have settled a number of ecotones next to an area that has game but will not support agriculture, such as the edges of the rainforest, open swamp, and desert. Yet there's no evidence for both migrations. . Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Herding practices reached the far south several centuries before Bantu-speaking migrants did. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. On the western extremities of the southern African subcontinent lies the nation of Namibia, known until independence as South West Africa, and prior to that as German South West Africa. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. The early stages of migration were slow. The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. The text of this article was commissioned by History Guild as part of our work to improve historical literacy. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. At the time, the attention of the world tended to be focused on the events of WWI. Of course what i have said may not be 100% but for better clarification pls ask a real historian. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. Some 6.5 million of those were Muslims migrating from India to Pakistan, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. Bantu Genocide View source Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. However, the US Ambassador to Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau Sr, was able to rouse the attention of the Woodrow Wilson administration, and an enormous amount of money and resource was eventually raised to help Armenian refugees affected by the crisis. The mother and child wandered in exile until taken in by a local paramount chief by the name of Dingiswayo. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. The Shum Laka people survived for at least 1,000 years in the heart of Bantu country. Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa. Some historians have referred to the expansion not as migration, but a process of colonization.
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