Nov. 13: Architect Maya Lin's Vietnam War Memorial is established in Washington DC as a National Memorial. By October 1982, inflation had fallen to 5 percent and long-run interest rates began to decline. Jan. 7: The Commodore 64 personal computer is unveiled at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. [27], The recession affected the banking industry long after the economic downturn had technically ended, in November 1982. Oct. 31: India's prime minister Indira Gandhi (19171984) is shot and killed by two of her bodyguards, an assassination followed by the four-day long Anti-Sikh Riots in which thousands of Indians are killed. The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 led to a boom in commercial real estate. The big news in 1982 literally was the news when USA Today, with its colorful graphics and short articles, made headlines as the first nationwide newspaper. Professor of Business, Economics, and Public Policy. The 1970s had been filled with tumultuous events, such as oil shortages, the Watergate affair, and the Iran hostage crisis. During the 1960s and 1970s, economists and policymakers believed that they could lower unemployment through higher inflation, a tradeoff known as the Phillips Curve. May 25: Hands Across America attempts to form a human chain from New York to California to raise money tofight hunger and homelessness. The Olympics in Sarajevo, the murder of the prime minister in India, and Michael Jackson moonwalking are among the events marked in 1984. [F]ailure to carry through now in the fight on inflation will only make any subsequent effort more difficult, he remarked (Volcker 1981b). Nov. 6: President Ronald Reagan is elected to a second term, defeating Democrat Walter Mondale. [28] By the end of the year, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) had spent $870 million to purchase bad loans in an effort to keep various banks afloat. [11] Despite this, Canada's GDP growth rate was among the highest of the OECD countries from 198486, although growth was by far strongest in Ontario and Quebec.[9]. Urquhart, Michael A., and Marillyn A. Hewson. Jan. 28: The R&B single written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie called "We Are The World" is recorded by more than 45 American singers; it will go on to raise $75 million to feed people in Africa. [27][31], Congressional deregulation exacerbated the S&L crisis. June 23: Air India Flight 182 is destroyed by a terrorist bomb off the Irish coast. The Pyramid Timeline includes precise time-stamped dates for WWI, WWII, 9/11, the 2008 economic collapse, and others, as I reported in Awakening. [64] Thatcher set about controlling inflation with monetarist policies and changing trade union legislation in an attempt to reduce the strikes of public-sector workers. Linea del tiempo Estadistica. Evolucin histrica de los procesadores. Aug. 12: IBM releases the IBM Model 5150, the first IBM personal computer. 30 siglos de desarrollo. Several key industries, including housing, steel manufacturing, and automobiles, experienced a downturn from which they did not recover until the end of the next recession. Dec. 2: American heart surgeon William DeVries (born 1943) implants the Jarvik 7, the world's first permanent artificial heart, into the chest of Seattle dentist Barney Clarkhe will survive another 112 days. [4] Most of these countries experienced stagflation, a situation of both high inflation rates and high unemployment rates. For years 1929 through 1946, debt is reported at the end of the second quarter, while GDP is reported annually, since quarterly figures are not available. Although Coca-Cola was the world's best-selling soft drink, rival Pepsi-Cola gained market share in the 1970s and 1980s, thanks in part to its aggressive "Pepsi Challenge" campaign. Tim Sablik, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Transcript, Federal Open Market Committee Meeting, Dealing with Inflation: Obstacles and Opportunities, Volcker's Announcement of Anti-Inflation Measures, Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act of 1978 (Humphrey-Hawkins). May 25: Spielberg's third entry in the Star Wars trilogy, "Return of the Jedi" opens in theaters. 2. That encouraged a rapid expansion in real estate lending while the real estate market was collapsing, increased the unhealthy competition between banks and savings and loans, and encouraged too many branches to be started. Bancroft supports major research and instructional activities and plays a leading role in the development of the university's research collections. It fell back to $150 billion in 1987, but then started growing again. Inflation reached 9.1% in 1975, the highest rate since 1947. 1930) becomes the first female Justice on the Supreme Court. On February 18, 1983, or viernes negro as it is known in Venezuela, the government established currency controlssomething Chvez would do 20 years laterto stop this flight and halt inflation. Friday, 3 March 2023, 2:18 AM. He also believed that the Fed faced a credibility problem when it came to keeping inflation in check. 3. 1980 - 1986 Economic Timeline By holt.josie Timeline List 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1980, 1980 1981, 1981 1982, 1982 1983, 1983 1984, 1984 1985, 1985 1986, 1986 1980, 1980 Details 1983, 1983 Rebound 1986, 1986 and federal budget 1980, Fiscal Policy Jan 4, 1980, Embargo On Soviet Union Sep 4, 1980, Reagan Elected President [60] Inflation fell from 10.3% in 1981 to 3.2% in 1983. [11], To control its inflation, the US introduced credit controls producing a slump in demand for Canada's housing and auto industry exports in early 1980 thereby triggering the 1980 portion of the larger early 1980s recession in Canada. Recession follows. This is a timeline of Burundian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Burundi and its predecessor states.To read about the background to these events, see History of Burundi.See also the list of Kings of Burundi, list of colonial governors of Burundi, and list of presidents of Burundi. Oct. 28: Following extensive renovations, the Statue of Liberty celebrates its centennial. Furthermore, the Reagan administration did not want to alarm the public by closing a large number of S&Ls. Some of those early gamers might also be fiddling with a colorful Rubik's Cube. In purely technical terms, a recession occurs when two or more . The 1982 US midterm elections were largely viewed as a referendum on Reagan and his economic policies. The 1980s, often remembered for its materialism and consumerism, also saw the rise of the "yuppie," an explosion of blockbuster movies and the emergence of cable networks like MTV, which. When Reagan was re-elected in 1984, the latest unemployment numbers (August 1984) showed that West Virginia still had the highest rate in the nation (13.6%) followed by Mississippi (11.1%) and Alabama (10.9%). Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. March 9: U2 releases its "Joshua Tree" album. Sally Ride became the first American woman in outer space when the space shuttle Challenger was launched on June 19, 1983. [70] By the end of 1989, it had fallen to 1.6 million. 1920s | 1930s | 1940s | 1950s | 1960s | 1970s | 1980s | 1990s | 2000s The 1980's The 1980s The economy slows because of "stagflation," the economic problem of excess capacity and unemployment coexisting with inflation and no economic growth. Federal action initially caused the problem by allowing institutions to get involved in creating wealth by unhealthy fractional reserve practices, lending out much more money than they could ever afford to pay back out to customers if they came to withdraw their money. It jumped sharply to 6.9% in April 1980 and to 7.5% in May 1980. STORIA VERIFICA 3. UK Economy in the 1980s 4 August 2017 by Tejvan Pettinger The 1980s was a period of economic volatility. [7] Real Canadian GDP declined by 5% during the 17-month 1981-82 recession with the unemployment rate peaking at 12%. (Associated Press photo by Jim Bourdier), by During the previous decade, the Fed had demonstrated that it did not place much emphasis on maintaining low inflation, and public expectation of such continued behavior would make it increasingly difficult for the Fed to bring inflation down. With only five enforcement lawyers, the FHLBB would have been in a poor position to enforce the law, even if it had wanted to. The FDIC listed another 540 banks as "problem banks", on the verge of failure. What Is Fiscal Policy? The economic history of what is now Canada begins with the hunting, farming and trading societies of the Indigenous peoples. Both the 1980 and 1981-82 recessions were triggered by tight monetary policy in an effort to fight mounting inflation. June 12: President Ronald Reagan visits West Berlin and challenges leader Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down this wall," the Berlin Wall which had divided the city since 1961. It eventually declined to average only 3.5 percent in the latter half of the 1980s. The 5 Best Years for GDP Growth 1942: 18.9% 1941: 17.7% 1943: 17.0% 1936: 12.9% 1934: 10.8% The 5 Worst Years for GDP Decline 1932: -12.9% 1946: -11.6% 1930: -8.5% 1931: -6.4% 1938: -3.3% Taking a long 90-year view of GDP growth, combined with major historical events, reveals a few interesting facts. Picture courtesy of the NASA Johnson Space Center (NASA-JSC). In the early 1980s, the American economy was suffering through a deep recession. 25 July 1948 Berlin Airlift begins after Soviet forces blockade the city In June 1948, the Soviet Union began a blockade of Berlin, which had been divided into occupation zones by the victorious. Share. As late as 1986, unemployment exceeded 3 million,[69] but it fell below that figure the following year. By 1981, homes and offices were beginning to adapt to new technologies. World Economic Survey 1980-1981 discusses the deterioration in the performance of the world economy in 1980, which was accompanied by a marked slowdown in the expansion of world trade,. ", "US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions", "Federal Reserve Sees Little Growth in '81 With Continued High Rates", "Rockford Unemployment: better off now or in the 1980s? When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Real gross national product (GNP) fell by 2.5 percent, and the unemployment rate rose above 10 percent, inflation rate fell from a devastating high of 13.5%. Oct.19: On what will come to be called "Black Monday," the Dow Jones experiences a sudden and largely unexpected drop of 22.6%. 1980 Recession (January 1980 to July 1980) Inflation rates rose throughout the late-1970s, reaching double-digit levels in 1979 and peaking at 22% in 1980. Net S&L income, which had totaled $781 million in 1980, fell to a loss of $4.6 billion in 1981 and a loss of $4.1 billion in 1982. The 1980s Business and the Economy: Overview When the 1980s began, many Americans hoped it would be decade of peace and prosperity, quite unlike the decade that had just ended. Nepal has 30.3 million people. In the UK, economic growth was re-established by the end of 1982, but the era of mass unemployment was far from over. [72] In 1985, the economy had been out of recession for three years, but unemployment remained stubbornly high. The estimated total cost of resolving the S&L crisis was more than $160 billion. 1. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Some of the most dramatic improvements came in industries that were the hardest hit by the recession, such as paper and forest products, rubber, airlines, and the auto industry. [4] These were a shallow drop in GDP and a slowing in employment growth for five months between February and June 1980, and a deeper 17-month contraction in both GDP and employment between July 1981 and October 1982,[6] although both contractions were driven by the same desire of governments to reduce inflation by increasing interest rates. The expectation of low inflation was important, as current inflation is driven in part by expectations of future inflation. However, an alarming percentage of this growth was based on deficit spending. Later, the government's inaction worsened the industry's problems. June 4: After months of peaceful but increasing protests, Chinese troops fire on civilians and students in Tienanmen Square, killing an unknown number of people and ending the demonstrations. [71], The mass unemployment and social discontent resulting from the recession were widely seen as major factors in widespread rioting across Britain in 1981 in parts of towns and cities including Toxteth, Liverpool, as well as a number of districts of London. June 14: Argentina surrenders after two months battle on sea on land in the Falklands. WikiZero zgr Ansiklopedi - Wikipedia Okumann En Kolay Yolu . Three-fourths of all job losses in the goods-producing sector were in manufacturing, and the residential construction industry and auto manufacturers ended the year with 22 percent and 24 percent unemployment, respectively (Urquhart and Hewson 1983, 4-7). There was a deep recession in 1981 as the government tried to control inflation. Aug. 11: Osama bin Laden (19572011) forms Al Qaeda. There was a recession in the early 1990s. [10] Canada's inflation rate was 10.2% for 1980 overall, rising to 12.5% for 1981 and 10.8% for 1982 before dropping to 5.8% for 1983. The Australian economy has recorded an unprecedented stretch of economic growth since the 'recession we had to have' in 1991. Volckers first attempt to lower inflation and inflationary expectations proved insufficient. The year that saw the birth of the Internet also saw volcanic eruptions and aircraft tragedies; the first woman in space and that holiday season craze of the Cabbage Patch Kids. Paul R. Abramson, John H. Aldrich and David W. Rhode, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Early 1980s recession in the United States, Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act, GarnSt. [29], In July 1982, the US Congress enacted the GarnSt. Federal Reserve With such levels of deficit spending, the Federal Reserve remained vigilant about controlling price increases and raising interest rates any time they seemed a threat. The Incredible Volcker Disinflation. Journal of Monetary Economics 52, no. According to Keynesian economists, a combination of deficit spending and the lowering of interest rates would slowly lead to economic recovery. When is GTA 6 coming out? [27], The Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB) regulated and inspected S&Ls and administered the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC), which insured deposits at S&Ls. Inflation . . Thailand had the world's fastest-growing economy for about a decade in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation, the federal agency which insured the deposits of S&Ls, spent $3.5 billion to make depositors whole again (in comparison, only 143 S&Ls with $4.5 billion in assets had failed in the previous 45 years, costing the FSLIC $306 million). Inflation fell below 10% by the turn of 1982, having peaked at 22% in 1980, and by spring 1983, it had fallen to a 15-year low of 4%. In late 1980 and early 1981, the Fed once again tightened the money supply, allowing the federal funds rate to approach 20 percent. To document and evaluate the number of TACs meetings, their timeline, and total members present since its inception or as earlier as possible (at least since 1980) 2. [17] In the wake of the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 energy crisis, stagflation began to afflict the economy. To find out the gaps occurred in the frequency and duration of TAC meetings over the period of time and make a comparative analysis of performance of TAC before and after It is easy to recall the 1980s as being a boom time for the United States economy a time of gleaming excess that, among other things, powered Ronald Reagan to a landslide re-election in 1984.. England's Prince Charles married Lady Diana Spencer in Westminster Cathedral in London on July 29, 1981, before a live TV audience of millions. Americans flocked to video arcades when Pac-Mac debuted in October 1980. James L. Rowe, Jr., "Regulators See Bank Failures Rising Steadily", Green, Joshua. From 1965 through 1969, for instance, real quarterly GDP growth averaged 4.8 percent at an annual rate. The American banking system had been significantly weakened by the severe recession and the effects of deregulation. The History of American Banking. This relatively short and mild recession followed the script of the post-WWII recession as heavy government military spending dried up after . Upset with federal policies, they ousted PresidentJimmy Carter in 1980 and voted in former Hollywood actor and California Gov. Under Reagan the national debt nearly tripled. From $74 billion in 1980, the federal budget deficit ballooned to $221 billion in 1986. Unfortunately, many of the states that deregulated S&Ls were also soft on supervision and enforcement. Philippines economic growth for 2018 was $346.84B, a 5.59% increase from 2017. [24], Each period of high unemployment saw the Federal Reserve increase interest rates to reduce high inflation. Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982, which further deregulated banks and deregulated savings and loans. Feb. 22: The U.S. Olympic hockey team defeats the Soviet Union in the semifinals at the Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York. May 1: The World's Fair begins in Knoxville, Tennessee. Between 1980 and 1983, 118 S&Ls with $43 billion in assets failed. [16][26], The recession had a severe effect on financial institutions such as savings and loans and banks. . [dubious discuss][67] Areas of Tyneside, Yorkshire, Merseyside, South Wales, Western Scotland and the West Midlands were particularly hard hit by the loss of industry and subsequent sharp rise in unemployment. Nepal has eight of the world's highest mountains including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Sept. 8: The syndicated talk Oprah Winfrey Show airs nationally. 1976 Argentina's economy failed to stabilize under a succession of military and democratic governments that implemented wildly different policies. What's the Difference? Crisis of 1772 - started in London and Amsterdam, began by the collapse of the bankers; Neal, James, Fordyce, and Down. Philippines economic growth for 2020 was $361.75B, a 4% decline from 2019. Michael Jackson's "Thriller" was released on Nov. 30, 1982, and has sold 33 million copies since. D. elays to a timetable to eventually enable people to see all their pension pots in one place online are a "huge let down for consumers", it has been claimed. He was the last. the Extra-Terrestrial," opens and instantly becomes a blockbuster. "Reagan's Liberal Legacy.". Another wave of rioting occurred across numerous areas of Britain, including several areas across London. In addition to economic woes, Jimmy Carter was dealing with the 444-day Iranian hostage crisis, which began on November 4. The Bancroft Library is the primary special collections library at UC Berkeley, and one of the largest and most heavily used libraries of manuscripts, rare books, and unique materials in the United States. Paul Volcker was appointed chairman of the Fed in August 1979 in large part because of his anti-inflation views. The 1980s were a decadent, catastrophic, and groundbreaking decade, not just in the United States, but in many parts of the world as well. May 21: "The Empire Strikes Back," the second movie in what would become the decades-long Star Wars franchise, premieres in movie theaters. 4 Min Read. The growth rate was 8 percent between 1985 and 1995, peaking at 13.6 percent in 1988. Much of this has been undertaken by the West Virginia Development Office and directed by the Council for Community and Economic Development. Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED). Accessed October 29, 2013. The midterm elections were the low point of Reagan's presidency. 1980s - Boom and Bust economy - The UK economy in the 1980s. Volcker shifted Fed policy to aggressively target the money supply rather than interest rates. Although goods producers accounted for only 30 percent of total employment at the time, they suffered 90 percent of job losses in 1982. As with most of the rest of the developed world, recession hit the United Kingdom at the beginning of the 1980s. The tangible net worth for the entire S&L industry was virtually zero. In 1 A.D., it was only $184.1 billion. [9] While inflation accelerated across North America in the late 1970s, it was higher in Canada because of the US decision to switch to a floating exchange rate, which lowered the value of the Canadian dollar to US$0.85 by 1979, which made US imports more expensive for Canadians to purchase. Beginning in 1982, many S&Ls rapidly shifted away from traditional home mortgage financing and into new, high-risk investment activities like casinos, fast-food franchises, ski resorts, junk bonds, arbitrage schemes, and derivative instruments. The FHLBB's enforcement practices were significantly weaker than those of other federal banking agencies. A lot happened during the 1980stoo much to remember, really. Unemployed Chicagoans line up to apply for insurance at the Bureau of Unemployment, 1981. [2][3] A key event leading to the recession was the 1979 energy crisis, mostly caused by the Iranian Revolution which caused a disruption to the global oil supply, which saw oil prices rising sharply in 1979 and early 1980. At the very beginning of the 2010s, government spending contributed to a big chunk of economic growth, as the 2009 stimulus played out and social programs like unemployment benefits and food . 1921-1941. ThoughtCo. However, the Phillips Curve tradeoff proved unstable in the long-run, as inflation and unemployment increased together in the mid-1970s. Between 1993 and 2018, worldwide GDP more than doubled. Like Canada, the early 1980s recession in the United States technically consisted of two separate downturns, one commencing in January 1980 which yielded to modest growth in July 1980 with a deeper downturn from July 1981 to November 1982. While economists debate the relative importance of the factors that motivated and perpetuated inflation for more than a decade, there is little debate about its source. [7] Most Canadians were also hit hard financially by a steady rise in oil and gas prices during the 1970s, especially their acceleration in 1979 when the worldwide oil supply was disrupted by the Iranian revolution,[1] with the price of oil reaching almost $40 a barrel compared to $3 a barrel at the start of the decade. This inflationary episode was caused by a booming economy, which increased prices. The state began responding to this in the 1980s by promoting greater economic diversity, notably through the development of a large service sector. The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 instituted a three-year, $100 billion tax hike, the largest tax increase since the Second World War.[52]. Dec. 21: Pan Am flight 103 explodes over Lockerbie, Scotland killing all 259 on-board and 11 people on the ground, the result of a terrorist bombing attributed to Libyans. While unemployment trended down slightly by the end of the decade, inflation continued to rise, reaching 11 percent in June 1979 (Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis). [27] Banks rushed into real estate lending, speculative lending, and other ventures as the economy soured. Twenty-seven years of economic growth Coalition of '80 Threatens to Unravel in Congress Elections", "Democrats Shaping Election as Referendum on Economy", "Strategy and Choice in the 1982 Congressional Elections", "The Case for Deficit Spending | New Republic", "How UK incomes have risen (and fallen) since 1948", "THE DEINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: THE RISE AND FALL OF UK MANUFACTURING, 1870-2010", "1982: UK unemployment tops three million", "20 Years Ago The Dole Queue Hit 3 Million - Today It Is The Workforce That's A Record", "Economics Essays: Unemployment in the UK 2012", "Thatcher 'considered arming police' during 1981 riots", "Brierley Hill Area Action Plan Preferred Options Baseline Report - Retail", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_1980s_recession&oldid=1132165852, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2009, Wikipedia introduction cleanup from June 2020, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2020, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Articles with limited geographic scope from June 2020, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Articles with disputed statements from September 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Brunner, Karl. Bank failures reached 42, the highest since the depression, as both the recession and high interest rates took their toll. 1980s America Learn Ronald Reagan: Election and domestic policies Ronald Reagan: Foreign policy The Iran-Contra affair Emergence of the AIDS crisis Practice Up next for you: 1980s America Get 3 of 4 questions to level up! [5] As with other G7 countries, Canada had two separate economic contractions in the early 1980s. Sept. 26: Great Britain agrees to hand over control of Hong Kong to China in 1997. [47][48][49][50][51], Pressured to counteract the increased deficit caused by the recession, Reagan agreed to a corporate tax increase in 1982. The YoungstownWarren Metropolitan Area had an 18.7% rate, the highest of all metro areas, and Stamford, Connecticut, had the lowest unemployment, at 3.5%. Nov. 21: A record 350 million people worldwide watch TV's "Dallas" to find out who shot character J.R. Ewing. Dec. 1: The first annual World AIDS Day is held. In the 1980s' historical timeline, Margaret Thatcher, Ronald Reagan, and Mikhail Gorbachev were the three leading names. How Many U.S. Presidents Have Been Assassinated? [5], Canada had higher inflation, interest rates, and unemployment than the United States during the early 1980s recession. Members of Congress and the press, however, felt that Continental Illinois was "too big to fail". While the latter figure may not look menacing in . [18] April 28: The U.S. makes an abortive attempt to rescue American hostages held in Iran since November 1979. March 30: A deranged fan makes an unsuccessful assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan, injuring Reagan, press secretary James Brady (19402014), and a policeman. Immediately after the election, Dave Stockman, Reagan's OMB manager admitted that the coming deficits were much higher than the projections that had been released during the campaign.[62][63]. Between 1930 and 1983, presidents averaged only. Nov. 30: 24-year-old pop star Michael Jackson releases his best-selling album "Thriller.". Evolucion de la administracion. DOE History Timeline. By early 1988, it was below 2.5 million; by early 1989, it fell below 2 million. His successor as Prime Minister was John Turner, who, although leading in the opinion polls when he called an election for September, ended up being resoundingly defeated by the Progressive Conservatives under Brian Mulroney. Germain Act expanded the authority of federally chartered S&Ls to make acquisition, development, and construction real estate loans, and the statutory limit on loan-to-value ratios was eliminated. 1970 Economic Timeline 1900 1907 A banking panic erupts when New York's Knickerbocker Bank fails. Mike Moffatt, Ph.D., is an economist and professor. Jan. 2: Mount Kilauea, Hawaii's youngest volcano, begins the Pu'u '' eruption which will not stop spewing lava fountains and flows until 2018, the longest and most voluminous outpouring of lava from the volcano's rift zone. A deep recession struck america , hitting almost all sections of the country. Indeed, when East and West Germany reunited in 1990, West Germany's economy was enjoying a cycle of business expansion that had lasted since the early 1980s and continued into 1992. [22], Inflation, which had averaged 3.2% annually since World War II had more than doubled after the 1973 oil shock, to a 7.7% annual rate. April 23: The Coca-Cola Company introduces "New Coke," a sweeter replacement of the original 99-year-old soda, and it proves a popular failure. In Pyramid symbolism, if a "New Corridor" is discovered, this is (ahem) huge.
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